Building on the last post on 7 things that hold black children back from succeeding. This is the current Economic status of black people in the UK relative to other groups:

ASSETS
 
On home ownership
 
According to .gov.uk:

• 63% of households in England owned their own homes in the 2 years from 2016 to 2018;
• 68% of White British households owned their own homes, compared with 74% of Indian households;
• households in the Black African (20%) and Arab (17%) ethnic groups had the lowest rates of home ownership at 20% and 17% respectively;
• home ownership among Black Caribbeans at 40% was twice that of Black African (20%);
• in every, socio-economic group and age group, White British households were more likely to own their own homes than all ethnic minority households combined

 
On pensions assets:
 
According to a January 2020 report by the People Pension, compared to White ethnic groups,

• Black ethnic groups have a 27% lower pension;
• Asian ethnic groups have a 30% lower pension;
• Mixed heritage  groups have a 13% lower pension;
• Arab and other ethnic groups have a 6% higher pension.

 
The average gap between a female pensioner from an ethnic minority group and male pensioner from white ethnic groups is 51% (half). This figure is 27% for an ethnic minority male pensioner.
 
The average ethnic minority pensioner has £3,350 less in annual pension income.
 
Ethnic minorities are also less likely to qualify for auto-enrolment into a work place pension because they are more likely to earn less than the auto-enrolment threshold of £10,000.
 
INCOME
 
According to gov.uk:
 
In the year ending March 2019, the median annual household income in each quintile before housing costs were paid was:

• top quintile (top 20%): £54,000
• second highest quintile: £35,700
• middle quintile: £26,800
• second lowest quintile: £20,500
• bottom quintile (bottom): £13,300

 
If we look at the bottom two income quintiles, that is the lowest 40% of income earners,

• If you are black there’s a 57% chance that you are there;
• Only two ethnic groups perform worse – 67% (two-thirds) of Bangladeshis and 74% (three-quarters) of Pakistanis are in the bottom two income quintiles.
• Only 38% of whites and 38% of Indians are in the bottom two income quintiles.

If we look at the top two income quintiles, that is the highest 40% of income earners,

• If you are black there’s a 25% chance that you are there;
• Only two ethnic groups perform worse – only 15% of Bangladeshis and 11% of Pakistanis find themselves in the top two income quintiles.
• 42% of whites and 44% of Indians are in the top two income quintiles.

 
These figures are before housing costs. The picture changes a little bit after housing costs but I chose to present the ‘before housing costs’ picture because there is a degree of discretion with regards to how much a household decides to spend on housing.
 
While there are income disparities that will feed the gap between the assets of the rich and the assets of the poor, I feel as though the reasoning behind the asset differential is very basic and needs further exploration.
 
On job security:
 
Do ethnic minorities just work less and as a result earn less?
 
No! According to gov.uk:

• 75% of working age people (aged 16 to 64) in England, Scotland and Wales were employed in 2018;
• 82% of people from White ethnic groups were employed, the highest percentage out of all ethnic groups;
• 57% of people from the combined Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic group were employed, the lowest percentage out of all ethnic groups; and
• 67% of working age Black people were in employment.

 
Based on these stats, the employment rate for black people is 8 points lower than the average for the population  and 15 points lower than for Whites.
 
In addition, it’s worth noting that Black people and other minorities are more likely to be self-employed, be on zero hours contracts and are generally more likely to be employed in less secure lower income jobs including as part of the gig economy.
 
Two things stand out as definitely missing:

1. How many ethnic minorities don’t own a home in the UK but own a home (or homes) back home in Africa or the Caribbean? This would be an interesting statistic but the government would probably struggle to get any meaningful data on it except perhaps through anonymised surveys.
2. Also, what proportion of people are struggling to build a meaningful asset base because a high proportion goes to support relatives back home? 

 
The UK doesn’t have an identical history to the US and certainly I don’t think UK mortgage lenders discriminate according to race directly or indirectly but if someone thinks they do, I’d love to hear their story.

Remittances are a key component of economic growth in Africa. According to Pew Research, "money sent by the African diaspora to their home countries in sub-Saharan Africa reached a record $41 billion in 2017...a 10% jump in remittances from the previous year", another source suggests $46 billion was remitted in 2018, that would be the official figures but billions more are remitted via unrecorded channels. Official development aid to Africa was just shy of $52.8 billion in 2017 (OECD 2019 statistic). Provided this money isn't all being used for consumption, wealth accumulation by Africans is underestimated if we look purely at wealth held by the diaspora within the countries they live.

In addition, after discussing the issue of low rates of home ownership with my African peers other factors to consider include:

• A knowledge gap in which either people do not think of buying a home because they don't think it's possible or they think it's a complex process.
• Misinformation within the community with regard to the financial sense of buying a home in the UK;
• Poor financial literacy in black communities including the fact that we are not held accountable by the community in the same way Indians are;
• Indians also have a lifestyle which means many full-time earners commonly live in the same household thereby allowing reduced costs and homeownership for investment, etc;
• A higher proportion of people struggling with mental health problems meaning it's more difficult to deal with big life issues like home ownership...they become stressors and triggers.

 
Social mobility
 
According to research from the University of Manchester,

• Ethnic minorities in Britain are experiencing growth in clerical, professional and managerial employment (absolute mobility), however they still face significant barriers to enjoying the levels of social mobility of their white British peers (relative mobility)
• Immigrant minorities have lower rates of social mobility than does the rest of British society. Their children experience rates of upwards mobility that are similar to their white British peers. Despite this mobility, the second generation still faces what they called “significant ethnic penalties in the labour market.”
• “Levels of educational attainment have improved significantly for ethnic minorities, but these have not translated into improved outcomes in the labour market. The success of policy interventions and third sector projects targeted at ethnic inequalities in early childhood and education, contrasts to the continuing employment barriers faced by young black men and Muslim women.” This finding means that even if they succeed in education: young black men and Muslim women struggle to get jobs that are commensurate with their human capital. Apparently, “unemployment rates for Black African and Black Caribbean men have consistently been triple those of white men”.

 
 
FACTORS THAT COULD HOLD BLACK PEOPLE BACK
 
When it comes to discrimination in the labour market, some of the same things that lead to targeting or discrimination in the formative years (as described in my previous post) can also adversely affect the likelihood of black people getting well paid jobs:

1. Name – some research suggests people with non-white sounding names are called to interviews at lower rates.
2. Black hair styles can be interpreted as not professional and lead to potential employers not hiring a black person based on their hair with reasons like, “we didn’t think they were an appropriate fit.” Certainly, when I go to interviews I make sure to have a Westernised wig on, I don’t want my hair to hold me back. Once I get the job, I style my hair as I please.
3. The perception of being threatening – may prevent black people and especially black men from getting jobs that they desire.
4. The stereotype that black people are less intelligent – an absolutely abominable stereotype to hold in this day and age may prevent some getting well paid jobs and result in a higher propensity for black people to be hired into lower skilled, manual jobs.
5. And all the issues of poverty and educational inequalities and racism in educational institutions covered in the last post are cumulative and have long run negative effects on black people’s economic prospects.

 
So there you have it. This is a summary of the current wealth and income stats for black people in Britain. I think it raises a lot of questions. I would love for people to contact me and leave a voice message or a note at katsonga.com/coach or as a comment on this post explaining what they think has helped them succeed or what they believe is holding them back from progressing to higher levels in their career and in building wealth.

​​Heather 
p.s. subscribe to my podcast and ask me any money question, HERE - do it now!

I thought it would be fitting to end the 2020 series of The Money Spot podcast with a series on the Economics of being black. The issue I would like to explore first is a list of things that could hold a child back before they are even 18.
 
Where possible, I will depend on UK studies and statistics but if that’s not possible reference will be made to US studies where much more research on race tends to be available.

1. Name 
​
Having a name that is perceived as “different” may be a factor that exacerbates a black child’s feeling of otherness, of being different to the mainstream.
 
In the worst case, it may lead to teasing or just feeling discomfort and insecurity with what might seem like innocent questions from teachers, like “how do you say your name?”
 
I’ll talk more about names in my piece about what holds black adults back.
 
Personally, our desire for our children not to be discriminated against in mainstream British society was a key consideration in name selection. We want them to blend to the extent possible and didn’t feel that name was an issue they should need to deal with in addition to everything else.
 
2. Hair 

Is there an issue more contentious? My son noticed the difference in his hair before he mentioned that his colour was different to that of everyone else in his class.
 
There are many anecdotal examples of black children being treated in an unfair way at school on account of their hair, for example:

• Being told that they can’t wear their hair in styles that are completely normal and more convenient for black kids;
• Comments about their natural hair being wild or unsuitable;
• Having their hair cut or inappropriately handled by teachers, etc.

 
But, while a name and hair, in addition to skin colour may add to a feeling of being different, there are real and recent statistics from the Social Market Foundation and other research organisations to show that black children are discriminated against at higher rates:

3. The perception of being threatening  

There is a perception and stereotype of being threatening which especially haunts black boys. In studies, black boys as young as 5 years old have been perceived as more threatening compared to similar aged white boys which is a scary fact. This has been elicited with tests of association of faces and objects like guns or puppies rather than by asking directly.
 
And where as being “tall and dark” would give a white boy advantages with perceptions of stature, strength and athleticism – for a black boy the exact same tallness and darkness may only serve to make them appear more threatening and with that all the disadvantages: more regular police stop-and-searches and fewer opportunities. This sentiment is my own, rather than from elsewhere but it is something that recently occurred to me as a risk.

4. At-school and In-class discrimination  

The Social Market Foundation reports that “discrimination in education frequently takes place outside of the syllabus. There are a range of institutional practices that underpin Black students’ exclusion and, ultimately, their educational attainment.” For example:

• “Punishment in UK schools disproportionately affects Black children… Black students have reported facing disciplinary action for their uniform, because of stereotypical perceptions that they are more disruptive, even because of their hair.” This, I wrote about before I even found the SMF report. This is consistent with US research that shows that black children are frequently punished for behaviours which when displayed by white children are not at all punished. Kuba Shand-Baptiste reports in The Independent that at school her “confidence would often be interpreted as arrogance, rudeness or just plain naughtiness.” She says it took her a while to accept, especially when she saw her white classmates rewarded for the same behaviour. 
  • And children, even very young ones, notice. My friend’s mixed race daughter in the first half term of reception has already received 3 yellow cards AND in the latest instance she observed that her white friend who was doing exactly what she was doing at the same time did not get a yellow card!
• Black Caribbean kids are almost 3 times more likely and Mixed White and Black Caribbean 2.5 times more likely to be permanently excluded from school than white pupils. This data is supported by various reports. It is thought that racist stereotyping of black children may play a key role here.
• “There is a lack of Black teachers in schools, especially amongst senior staff.” I find the general lack of Black teachers at my children’s private school problematic. There are very few non-White teachers and I fear this may accentuate the belief among children (tomorrow’s leaders) that a figure of authority is “meant” to be white.
• Black children have their abilities and grades undervalued.

 
So, unfortunate as it is, black children especially black boys face discrimination at much higher rates at school.
 
I haven’t found any research to back it up but a friend who works in the field told me that some recent studies suggest that black boys are ahead of all other ethnic groups on entering school but within a year they are behind others because of the poor engagement they receive.

5. Low expectations  

Akala in his autobiographical, “Natives: Race and Class in the Ruins of Empire” recounts how he was a gifted child, highly intelligent with a GCSE reading age by the time he was 7 and yet, he was placed in a class with children with learning difficulties. It took his (white) mother advocating for him and speaking up for this to change.
 
And in her time on Desert Island discs Sonita Alleyne, the first black Master of a Cambridge college admits that exactly the same thing happened to her when she arrived from Barbados as a young child. Placed in the special needs class, her mum walked into school and explained that her daughter’s accent wasn’t a sign or symptom of being stupid.
 
The most frustrating thing about these examples is that similar things are happening to many black children today and they don’t have an advocate. What of those children that reveal they want to be a doctor, lawyer or astronaut that are told to be realistic and guided towards nursing, hair dressing, plumbing and other manual jobs. Or towards sports and more artistic jobs like music – yes, there are more examples of black people succeeding in these fields but this is simply because you can’t pretend the boy or girl who came first in the 200m sprint actually didn’t. If nurtured correctly there’s nothing to stop black children excelling in any and every field.
 
Further, many black children up and down Britain simply assume it’s “stupid” or “unrealistic” for them to aim for Oxford and Cambridge and there is no one there telling them otherwise. Conversely, the majority of those in private schools assume it’s a given that they are expected to apply to the top universities.
 
Not long ago women had many of the same challenges – in her time on Desert Island discs retired surgeon Averil Mansfield (born in 1937) says her mum told her to lie she wanted to be a nurse rather than admit she wanted to be a doctor to avoid the mockery. Any girl can say they want to be a doctor now and no one would bat an eyelid and that is the position I would love all disadvantaged children and black children specifically to get to.

6. Poverty  

People can live in a vicious cycle of poverty from which they struggle to escape.
 
What proportion of black children live in poverty?
 
The Social Metrics Commission found that almost half of people living in a family in the UK where the head of the household is black are in poverty. This compares with 19% or about a fifth for white people.
 
This means black-headed households in the UK are 2.5 times more likely to live in poverty than their white counterparts.
 
Poverty comes with many disadvantages that you can probably list yourself, a few that are commonly discussed in the press include:

• Trouble providing children with a nutritious diet which may affect a child’s ability to learn well;
• Inability to pay for extracurricular activities that other kids have an opportunity to access, e.g.: learning an instrument, learning various sports including swimming, getting coached for the 11-plus to get into a grammar school, no access to the stimulating environment of a nursery in the formative years;
• Possibly insecure housing which may mean children move around schools leading to instability in their education;

 
These are example economic factors but poverty, of course, also has negative social consequences, living in an economically deprived area may mean increased exposure to crime etc. According to research  by the University of Manchester, “a fifth of its Black African, Black Caribbean, and Arab populations live in the country’s most deprived neighbourhoods compared to 8% of the white British population.”
 
I will tackle “social mobility” in my next instalment, for now it is enough to know that many more black children than white children are living in poverty and therefore do not have access to opportunities taken for granted by middle class and more well off children.

7. Single parent home  
​
This data is a little old (from 2007) but is unlikely to have changed much so I will use it. According to a Metro article, “48% (almost half) of black Caribbean families have one parent, as do 36% (a third) of black African households.” This figure is 10% for Indians (and marginally higher for those of other South Asian background), 15% for the Chinese and 22% (a fifth) for whites.
 
90% of single-parent families are headed by mothers. Children who grow up without their biological father are more likely to be

• unemployed,
• commit crime and
• leave education early, according to research by think tank Civitas.
• They are also twice as likely to be homeless.
• Lone-parent families are three times more likely to live in rented accommodation than couples with children; and
• are also more likely to live in homes that fall below minimum standards.

 
I don’t want to stereotype the single parent with lots of dreary stats but suffice it to say having to manage as a single parent according to the data tends to exacerbate poverty – which stands to reason because one person equals fewer resources including services like washing, cooking etc rather than financial resources. It may also mean the child has less access to parental support for homework and possibly other emotional needs.
 
In summary, before a black child is even a teenager they may face major challenges with their development because they are:

• More likely to be poor;
• More likely to live in a single parent home;
• More likely to be punished or discriminated against by teachers;
• Less likely to be pushed towards the highest paid careers because teachers and their social circle have low expectations for them;

and if that were not enough black children are more like to be bullied, teased and targeted in other ways because of their:

• Name;
• Hair; and
• An erroneous perception that they are threatening.

 
If ALL school teachers could treated ALL children like they are special and going places regardless of race so much progress could be made in erasing educational inequalities between the races. And over the long run, erasing wealth inequality.

​Heather 
p.s. subscribe to my podcast and ask me any money question, HERE - do it now!