Building on the last post on 7 things that hold black children back from succeeding. This is the current Economic status of black people in the UK relative to other groups:

ASSETS
 
On home ownership
 
According to .gov.uk:

• 63% of households in England owned their own homes in the 2 years from 2016 to 2018;
• 68% of White British households owned their own homes, compared with 74% of Indian households;
• households in the Black African (20%) and Arab (17%) ethnic groups had the lowest rates of home ownership at 20% and 17% respectively;
• home ownership among Black Caribbeans at 40% was twice that of Black African (20%);
• in every, socio-economic group and age group, White British households were more likely to own their own homes than all ethnic minority households combined

 
On pensions assets:
 
According to a January 2020 report by the People Pension, compared to White ethnic groups,

• Black ethnic groups have a 27% lower pension;
• Asian ethnic groups have a 30% lower pension;
• Mixed heritage  groups have a 13% lower pension;
• Arab and other ethnic groups have a 6% higher pension.

 
The average gap between a female pensioner from an ethnic minority group and male pensioner from white ethnic groups is 51% (half). This figure is 27% for an ethnic minority male pensioner.
 
The average ethnic minority pensioner has £3,350 less in annual pension income.
 
Ethnic minorities are also less likely to qualify for auto-enrolment into a work place pension because they are more likely to earn less than the auto-enrolment threshold of £10,000.
 
INCOME
 
According to gov.uk:
 
In the year ending March 2019, the median annual household income in each quintile before housing costs were paid was:

• top quintile (top 20%): £54,000
• second highest quintile: £35,700
• middle quintile: £26,800
• second lowest quintile: £20,500
• bottom quintile (bottom): £13,300

 
If we look at the bottom two income quintiles, that is the lowest 40% of income earners,

• If you are black there’s a 57% chance that you are there;
• Only two ethnic groups perform worse – 67% (two-thirds) of Bangladeshis and 74% (three-quarters) of Pakistanis are in the bottom two income quintiles.
• Only 38% of whites and 38% of Indians are in the bottom two income quintiles.

If we look at the top two income quintiles, that is the highest 40% of income earners,

• If you are black there’s a 25% chance that you are there;
• Only two ethnic groups perform worse – only 15% of Bangladeshis and 11% of Pakistanis find themselves in the top two income quintiles.
• 42% of whites and 44% of Indians are in the top two income quintiles.

 
These figures are before housing costs. The picture changes a little bit after housing costs but I chose to present the ‘before housing costs’ picture because there is a degree of discretion with regards to how much a household decides to spend on housing.
 
While there are income disparities that will feed the gap between the assets of the rich and the assets of the poor, I feel as though the reasoning behind the asset differential is very basic and needs further exploration.
 
On job security:
 
Do ethnic minorities just work less and as a result earn less?
 
No! According to gov.uk:

• 75% of working age people (aged 16 to 64) in England, Scotland and Wales were employed in 2018;
• 82% of people from White ethnic groups were employed, the highest percentage out of all ethnic groups;
• 57% of people from the combined Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic group were employed, the lowest percentage out of all ethnic groups; and
• 67% of working age Black people were in employment.

 
Based on these stats, the employment rate for black people is 8 points lower than the average for the population  and 15 points lower than for Whites.
 
In addition, it’s worth noting that Black people and other minorities are more likely to be self-employed, be on zero hours contracts and are generally more likely to be employed in less secure lower income jobs including as part of the gig economy.
 
Two things stand out as definitely missing:

1. How many ethnic minorities don’t own a home in the UK but own a home (or homes) back home in Africa or the Caribbean? This would be an interesting statistic but the government would probably struggle to get any meaningful data on it except perhaps through anonymised surveys.
2. Also, what proportion of people are struggling to build a meaningful asset base because a high proportion goes to support relatives back home? 

 
The UK doesn’t have an identical history to the US and certainly I don’t think UK mortgage lenders discriminate according to race directly or indirectly but if someone thinks they do, I’d love to hear their story.

Remittances are a key component of economic growth in Africa. According to Pew Research, "money sent by the African diaspora to their home countries in sub-Saharan Africa reached a record $41 billion in 2017...a 10% jump in remittances from the previous year", another source suggests $46 billion was remitted in 2018, that would be the official figures but billions more are remitted via unrecorded channels. Official development aid to Africa was just shy of $52.8 billion in 2017 (OECD 2019 statistic). Provided this money isn't all being used for consumption, wealth accumulation by Africans is underestimated if we look purely at wealth held by the diaspora within the countries they live.

In addition, after discussing the issue of low rates of home ownership with my African peers other factors to consider include:

• A knowledge gap in which either people do not think of buying a home because they don't think it's possible or they think it's a complex process.
• Misinformation within the community with regard to the financial sense of buying a home in the UK;
• Poor financial literacy in black communities including the fact that we are not held accountable by the community in the same way Indians are;
• Indians also have a lifestyle which means many full-time earners commonly live in the same household thereby allowing reduced costs and homeownership for investment, etc;
• A higher proportion of people struggling with mental health problems meaning it's more difficult to deal with big life issues like home ownership...they become stressors and triggers.

 
Social mobility
 
According to research from the University of Manchester,

• Ethnic minorities in Britain are experiencing growth in clerical, professional and managerial employment (absolute mobility), however they still face significant barriers to enjoying the levels of social mobility of their white British peers (relative mobility)
• Immigrant minorities have lower rates of social mobility than does the rest of British society. Their children experience rates of upwards mobility that are similar to their white British peers. Despite this mobility, the second generation still faces what they called “significant ethnic penalties in the labour market.”
• “Levels of educational attainment have improved significantly for ethnic minorities, but these have not translated into improved outcomes in the labour market. The success of policy interventions and third sector projects targeted at ethnic inequalities in early childhood and education, contrasts to the continuing employment barriers faced by young black men and Muslim women.” This finding means that even if they succeed in education: young black men and Muslim women struggle to get jobs that are commensurate with their human capital. Apparently, “unemployment rates for Black African and Black Caribbean men have consistently been triple those of white men”.

 
 
FACTORS THAT COULD HOLD BLACK PEOPLE BACK
 
When it comes to discrimination in the labour market, some of the same things that lead to targeting or discrimination in the formative years (as described in my previous post) can also adversely affect the likelihood of black people getting well paid jobs:

1. Name – some research suggests people with non-white sounding names are called to interviews at lower rates.
2. Black hair styles can be interpreted as not professional and lead to potential employers not hiring a black person based on their hair with reasons like, “we didn’t think they were an appropriate fit.” Certainly, when I go to interviews I make sure to have a Westernised wig on, I don’t want my hair to hold me back. Once I get the job, I style my hair as I please.
3. The perception of being threatening – may prevent black people and especially black men from getting jobs that they desire.
4. The stereotype that black people are less intelligent – an absolutely abominable stereotype to hold in this day and age may prevent some getting well paid jobs and result in a higher propensity for black people to be hired into lower skilled, manual jobs.
5. And all the issues of poverty and educational inequalities and racism in educational institutions covered in the last post are cumulative and have long run negative effects on black people’s economic prospects.

 
So there you have it. This is a summary of the current wealth and income stats for black people in Britain. I think it raises a lot of questions. I would love for people to contact me and leave a voice message or a note at katsonga.com/coach or as a comment on this post explaining what they think has helped them succeed or what they believe is holding them back from progressing to higher levels in their career and in building wealth.

​​Heather 
p.s. subscribe to my podcast and ask me any money question, HERE - do it now!

​Hi Heather,
 
My name’s Edna. I was wondering if you could talk about what net worth is? Why it matters and how I can improve my net worth?
 
Thanks.

Thanks for this question Edna.

​The net worth of a person is the value of what they own (these are their assets) minus the value of what they owe others (these are their liabilities).
 
Now, most people don’t sit around calculating their net worth for the simple reason that most people don’t tend to think about their money situation but the calculation is very simple.
 
I recommend you use a spread sheet when you do your calculation but you can also use a pen and paper. The only problem with pen and paper is that all the addition and subtraction is more tedious.
 
Starting with the asset side, list down:
 

• Your house
• Each property you own other than your house (I use a separate line for per property)
• Personal pensions
• Every ISA you own
• Any other non-ISA investment accounts
• Every current account you own
• Every savings account that you own
• For the super wealthy the list would also include: jewellery, art work and antiques – if you have any of these, add them to the list.

 
Personally, I don’t include things that fall in value like cars and computers but you can add them to the list as well especially if you own very expensive equipment that holds its value even when sold as second hand.
 
I also don’t include personal possessions like books and clothing because I see them as being very transient and I would suggest you don’t bother with those type of thing either.
 
Once you have listed everything that you own, find out what its value is and sum it up, this is your TOTAL ASSET VALUE.
 
Then moving on to the liabilities side, list down:
 
Your home mortgage
Each of your buy-to-let mortgages
All personal loans – from banks or stores
All credit cards and store cards
Money that you owe to friends and family
 
Once you have listed everything that you owe, find out what the balance owed is and sum up all your liabilities, this is your TOTAL LIABILITY VALUE.
 
To get your net worth subtract your total liability value from your total asset value, and voila! You have your net worth.
 
For some people this value will be positive, for others it will be negative because the value of their debts exceeds the value of their assets.
 
A negative value doesn’t mean you’ve been bad with money, it could just mean you’re young, have student debt and haven’t had a chance to build wealth, assets and earnings to pay off the student debt.
 
A negative value also doesn’t mean you’re suffering. In fact, a zero net worth could be worse than a negative net worth. Lots of people in developing countries have no assets and no debts but they may be living a very difficult life without basics like enough food. In developed countries, access to cheap credit means people can live an amazing and lavish life although in reality this is sustained by debt. As long as the person earns enough to pay their interest every month this can go on for very long periods of time.
 
And, the reality is, some people aren’t scared of debt, it doesn’t stress them out at all; what would stress then out is if they lost their job, or worse, reached retirement in this dire financial situation and found themselves pursued by people they owed money and possibly made homeless.

Why can knowing your net worth be valuable to you?
 
Because you can now track it, set a goal for it and improve it.
 
If you have a negative net worth then you might want to aggressively tackle paying debts off. As you get rid of debts you’d also be getting rid of interest payments and would therefore have more disposable income to save and invest.
 
Personally, I didn’t start intentionally tracking my net worth until I was 35 but I have always avoided debt, saved and invested from the very first year I worked so it wasn’t a trigger for me to be sensible but it definitely drove me to do better. Something weird really happens when you know your net worth, you become motivated to improve it and it makes it slightly easier to avoid excessive spending.
 
How often should you track your net worth?
 
I’d say once or twice a year is enough. Personally I refresh my asset and liability values on 30 September and 31 March – 31 March is ideal because it’s the end of the  tax year and as I wanted equally spaced values, the second date became 30 September by default.
 
When I track my net worth, I don’t regularly change the value of properties because it can distort the net worth calculation by inflating supposed increases in property value. If you plan on selling a property then you might be interested in updating the value but other than that, I’d just leave it.
 
I also don’t update the value of defined benefit plans (aka final salary scheme or workplace pensions) because their value paper value can bear no relation to your ability to spend them. What is better is to get a general idea of what your fixed pension payment is likely to be based on the number of years you plan to stay in the job and keep this in mind as cash flow that you can expect at retirement.
 
Also, ignore the state pension. You have no idea what the format of state pension will be when you get to retirement age unless you’re retiring in the next 10 or so years. I’d also just keep the number in mind.
 
What does improving your net worth involve?
 
To improve your net worth you either need to increase the value of assets or reduce the value of liabilities.
 
Every time you reduce or clear a debt, you improve your net worth. Even if you aren’t saving but are focused on clearing personal loans and credit cards, you are improving your net worth.
 
If you aren’t saving, or paying off debts but you own your own home and have a repayment mortgage on it, the act of paying your mortgage off means you are increasing your net worth.
 
What’s your goal?
 
Is it just to increase your net worth ? Or do you have a more specific goal, like increasing the value of assets in a specific area but not another, e.g. at a given point you might want more property and less shares or the other way round.
 
Or is you ‘net worth’ goal more like mine?
 
While some people will focus on increasing the gap between their assets and liabilities and don’t mind getting to retirement with debts. My personal goals is have the liability side of my balance sheet equal to zero by my effective retirement date of 50. At that point, I don’t plan to carry any liabilities. I will probably still want to work after that date but we will own our home and any rental properties outright and we’ll maintain our current no debt lifestyle.
 
 
If you’re wondering how wealthy you are relative to other people in Britain I have some interesting data for you that I found on a BBC article dated July 2019:
 
Apparently, wealth of £105,000 per adult would put your family in the top half of the population. By contrast, debt and a lack of property and pension wealth means the bottom 10% of families have less than £3 per adult.
 
This says two things about wealth to me:

1. Carrying debt reduces your chances of building wealth;
2. Owning property increases your chances of building wealth – this was validated by another book I was reading at the time I was doing this analysis, ‘Start Late, Finish Rich’ by David Bach (available on Amazon US and Amazon UK) in which he shared that the average wealth of renters in the US in the early 2000s was $4,000 and the average wealth of home owners was just over $170k – that’s an insane difference.

 
For the UK:

• To be in the top 10% of UK families you need £671,200 per adult.
• To be in the top 20% of families you need £401,700 per adult.
• To be in the top 30% of families you need £264,000 per adult.

 
These statistics ignore age but we all know that wealth accumulation is a slow boring process so wealth levels tend to increase as people get older.
 
So, it’s no surprise that 60-somethings (those born in the 50s) are the wealthiest age group, with average wealth equivalent to £332,000 per adult. Many 60-somethings are approaching the end of a career and have had time to accumulate savings, pensions and property.
 

• 30-somethings had average wealth equivalent to c.£55k per adult
• 40-somethings had average wealth equivalent to c.£140k per adult
• 50-somethings had average wealth equivalent to c.£260k per adult

 
Inheritance is going to be a big source of wealth going forward but again, property ownership matters a lot here. According to the BBC article which was itself quoting the Resolution Foundation, “millennials - the generation currently aged 19-38 - are set for an inheritance boom in the future. But it's a long way off, with the average millennial not expected to receive it until they reach 61.”
 
It adds that, “Nearly half of millennials who don't yet own homes have parents with no property wealth, meaning they are unlikely to receive a significant inheritance. By contrast, those with home-owning parents are three times as likely to own a home by the age of 30.”
 
Guys, if you hearing anything from this it’s beg, borrow, steal, scrimp and save and get yourselves on the property ladder to build a security blanket for yourselves – no pressure!
 
Also, don’t shoot the messenger. Said BBC article had a large number of cynical comments under it – and a few helpful ones.
 
How about wealth by race?!! …
 
It was hard to find UK wealth data sorted by race but I did find home ownership stats:
 
Overall, 63% of households in England were homeowners in 2016/18 (around 14.6 million households)
 
Top three home owning groups in 2016 to 2018 were:

• Indians: 74% (three quarters)
• Mixed white/Asian families: 70% (over two-thirds)
• White British: 68% (over two-thirds)

 
The bottom home owning groups were:

• Arabs: 17%
• Black African: 20%
• Mixed white/black Caribbean: 32%

 
My group ‘Mixed white/black African were not much better at 34%
 
All interesting things.
 
So, in summary, if you want to increase your net worth without putting excessive effort into it, I would suggest as follows:
 

1. Pay off all debts and never get into debt again.
2. Get onto the property ladder.
3. Make sure you are subscribed to your job’s pension scheme and have a private pension if you are self-employed
4. Increase pension contributions to 15% of income.
5. Have your pension invested in a passive diversified global mutual fund.

I hope this helps!
​Heather x

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