So far I've given you 25 tips on how too write a good CV. These are my next 9 Tips – if you've read all articles in this series, you're still in the running towards becoming Malawi's next best CV writer. 26. Use a descriptive title Especially if you are applying as an experienced hire, under education and work experience, make sure the job titles are very specific and that they sell you. Specific titles allow the recruiter to very quickly decide if you have the necessary qualifications and experiences for the job. Bad title: Analyst at Bank X Good title: Analyst on Energy Team in Investment Banking Division at Bank X 27. List all the positions you held in one firm separately If you’ve been with one company for a long time, it’s likely that your title and/or job function has changed over the years. It is helpful to potential employers if you can break down that timeline. Segmenting the information gives an employer useful insight into the nature of your experience. 28. Lacking in work experience? Focus on skills and qualities. When you are just starting out, you may well not have any work experience. However, if you have time, get some relevant work experience. Even unpaid work e.g. volunteering at a charity shop or at an Olympics or other event is great to have on your resume/CV. 29. Don’t list qualities It doesn’t matter if you say you’re a great team player or have fantastic communication or leadership skills unless you can back that up. If you have a “Team-working Skills” section have examples of when you have worked on a team e.g. in sport. If you have an “Organisational Skills” section have examples of when you organised an event. Always validate skills and qualities with examples. 30. Include Positions of Responsibility Positions of responsibility e.g. being Head Girl, Head of House or Captain reveal that you have experience in being a leader and managing people. Indeed, they might also reveal that your are popular and personable – more often than not, to be Head Girl, Head Boy or Head of House teachers or the whole student body have to vote for you. If you’re still in school or university and there’s time, try to attain a position of responsibility in some club or society. 31. Include Achievements Achievements reveal very different information to Positions of Responsibility, they show you are a goal-setter and an achiever in either sport, the arts or academics. This in turn reveals you’re a hard-worker, persevering and have initiative. Getting an award for something is not usually easy, it requires some amount of grit and determination. 32. Be careful about including interests and hobbies. Some interests open you up to being judged harshly. Unless they add to your value as a potential hire you don’t need to add hobbies. At times including a hobby may relay useful insight, for instance, if you’re applying for a role where a lot of reading will be required e.g. reading legal or other documents, then mentioning that you’re a prolific reader and that you can read a 300-paged book in one afternoon is of value. However, just adding “reading” as a hobby is useless and for many people isn't even true! These are the hobbies that were included on a CV I recently received: “Reading novels, listening to the radio, chatting with friends and sharing Gospel words”. I'm sure you too are laughing at the sheer ridiculousness of this list. No one wants to hire someone who enjoys chatting as a hobby because they are likely to waste time at the office instead of getting work done; as for listening to the radio how does this sell anyone? Everyone listens to the radio – it's what you listen to that matters; reading novels is also neither here nor there – hobbies such as reading can be mentioned in an interview and if they are going to be mentioned they need to be backed up with examples of books that you have read. Novel reading won't impress most employers but business books will. As for sharing the Gospel that's only relevant if you are applying for a job as a pastor or some other such thing. Importantly, giving too much personal information opens you up for discrimination. For instance, if your employer is Muslim and you are a Christian fanatic they probably won't want to hire you. Religion is a very personal, divisive and job-irrelevant piece of data it shouldn't be on a CV. “Success depends upon previous preparation, and without such preparation there is sure to be failure.” Confucius
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This week I will add 10 tips to last week's 15. If you've read all three articles in the series you're firmly in the running to become Malawi's next best CV writer (after me). 16. Don’t try to be too different, no fancy stuff Take it from someone that’s had to recruit before. Above and beyond looking clear and smart, there is nothing more annoying than someone who tries to stand out by a) adding graphics to their resume/CV or b) presenting the information in a totally different way to the standard. If a recruiter has a pile of 50+ CVs to get through (and a lot of recruiters nowadays have many more), it is a lot easier to get the work done when people follow the usual order of things. Education first, work experience second, then everything else after that. When I want to hire, I just want someone that can do the job and having a cool CV isn’t going to differentiate you. If anything, some might assume you are trying to compensate for a lack of something. 17. Format matters Some CVs look downright shoddy. A recruiter who has a large pile of CVs to get through will not waste their time on someone that couldn’t bother to neaten their CV up. 18. Show dates clearly Place dates either on the left or the right so it’s easy to follow your education and work experience path. Merging it all together with your bullet points is a) messy and b) can suggest you are trying to hide career gaps. 19. Date formats should be consistent Generally, if I just have a year, I write the full year. If I have months and the year, I shorten the year because the CV starts looking clogged up. Good format for year: 2012 Bad format for year: ‘12 Good format for month and year: Sep-12 Bad format for month and year: September 2012 (it takes up too much space) 20. No pictures Unless the employer asks for it, you don’t need to have a photograph of yourself on your CV. If you’re applying for a modelling job then your portfolio of pictures will be necessary as it is obviously a very necessary feature of the job. 21. General rule: most recent information goes first Put the most recent education and the most recent work experience first. So, under education, university comes first and then secondary or high school information. Under work experience, the most recent work experience is put first. 22. Relevance rule: most job-relevant information goes first If the most recent work experience is not the most relevant, place the most relevant work experience first. 23. Use the correct spelling Applying for a job in Malawi or the UK? Then use British English. Applying for a job in the US? Then use American English. By the way, to the British it’s a CV; to Americans it’s a resume. 24. No typos please It will definitely reduce your chances of getting a job. If I’m recruiting and I see a typo, I’m probably going to throw that CV in the bin unless there are other seriously redeeming features on it. 25. Don’t use text language, jargon, acronyms or slang This is a big no-no. Text language is essentially a typo. It should not feature anywhere on your CV. Jargon will make it difficult for the recruiter to understand your background. Remember, CVs normally get filtered by Human Resources (HR) before they are passed on to the teams that need to hire. HR might not be familiar with some jargon. Same applies for acronyms; unless they are accepted acronyms like USA, UK etc. an acronym is essentially jargon. You should spell out your acronym first (like HR in the previous sentence) if you intend to use it. Slang is simply not professional, do not use slang. “Action is the foundational key to all success.” Pablo Picasso Last we had a general discussion on what a CV is, how an international-standard CV differs to a Malawian CV and the format that should be used for sending a CV. This week I will give you 15 tips out of a total of 45 that will be shared through this series. 1. Don’t write “Curriculum Vitae” or “Resume” at the top This simply isn’t the done thing any more; it should be pretty obvious what it is. 2. Your name should come at the top This is the current standard. It makes it easier for recruiters to sort through their pile of applications. 3. No silly email addresses So, SexySuzy@hotmail.com or bootylish@yahoo.com felt like a cool email to have when you were 16. It unfortunately does not make you look professional or serious. Create a neutral email for your resume/CV – nothing funny, saucy or rude is ideal. 4. Don’t include a title (e.g. Mrs, Mr, Miss etc) with your name Your sex is not relevant. If you have a name like Sam or Alex, there is no need to write your title so that the employer knows whether you are male or female. In fact, having a gender neutral name might be an advantage. On average, the recruiter will assume you are male and as the job market currently tends to favour men over women, keeping it vague is probably a good thing. 5. The only critical personal information: email, phone number, mailing address (and for a Malawian CV – D.O.B and marital status) Everything else does not matter and should therefore not be included. Double check, are all the digits of your phone number there? It's an easy mistake to make! 6. Don’t include your religion It doesn’t add to your value as a potential hire and will open you up to unfair discrimination. 7. Don’t include your political affiliation It doesn’t add to your value as a potential hire. 8. Don’t include any salary information A potential employer will not hire you based on what you were earning in a previous or current job. 9. Font: use Arial size 9 or 10 Arial is clean cut and looks very professional. If you really want to get it all on one page and Arial is taking up too much space, use Arial Narrow. 10. Length: one page, ideally Most people have a very short attention span so the shorter it is, the more likely that the recruiter will get through the whole resume/CV. Two pages is okay but even then, get the most critical job-grabbing information on page one. 11. How far back should you go? No more than 15 years, generally. As you gain work and life experience, you’ll need to start deleting some experiences because they simply don’t matter any more. For instance, my CV when I finished high school had some positions of responsibility: Head of House, Captain of This, Captain of That and I have deleted all of that now. It’s not relevant and has been superseded by my university and more recent experiences. 12. Use bullet points Bullet points give structure to a resume/CV, they make it more punchy and much easier for the recruiter to read. 13. Don’t use narrative Don’t use full sentences or write like you are telling a story. You do that on a cover letter. 14. Don’t use personal pronouns – I, he, she, it, we, they, you Get straight to the point. “I closed the largest sale of the year” is too long, just say “Closed largest sale in 2012” 15. No borders Generally, a professional resume/CV does not have a border. If President Obama or David Cameron had to write a resume/CV do you see them having borders on it? For some reason, I cannot. Even from the very outset, you want your resume/CV to have the air of a Statesman – clean, confident, professional, to the point. “Formal education will make you a living; self-education will make you a fortune.” Jim Rohn So many people – both educated and uneducated - don't know how to write a CV. It's a pathetic situation because when unemployment is so high, as it currently is in many parts of the world including Malawi you would expect that the CV to become an area of expertise for many. It isn't so I decided to pitch in with a five-part course in the art of CV writing! First and foremost a CV is a sales document: your CV should sell you. If I'm trying to hire someone I will definitely be biased in favour of hiring a person that sends in a higher quality CV because that in itself would give information about the level of attention they pay to detail – in terms of presentation and grammar and it would suggest they are organised. Format If you are sending your CV by email you should ALWAYS send it as a PDF document. Don't send it as a word document or worse, as a PowerPoint presentation, because the formats will look different on different computers. If you're sending a hardy copy of your CV print it on high quality textured paper using the best printer you can find. Personally, I use a very high grain, light cream, textured paper for all letters and documents that are designed to create an impression. Don't send your CV through social media unless you are specifically asked to. You might think this sounds obvious but I recently received a copy & paste CV on Facebook even though I had very specifically asked for it to be sent to info@nenonatural.com. The CV was incomplete and full of irrelevant detail. International Standard CV vs. Malawian CV These are not one and the same thing. There are some levels of detail that an international company does not care about and in fact, doesn't even want to see on your CV. It's important that you customize your CV so that it is appropriate for each. If you are applying for a local job add these extra details but be careful to remove them when you are applying for jobs in multinational corporations. D.O.B It is illegal for an American or British employer to consider your age in the hiring decision so no one in the West puts their date of birth on a CV. Personally, I think it is also completely irrelevant – your age has no impact whatsoever on job performance – it's your level of education and your work experience that matter. That said, if you are applying to a Malawian employer add your D.O.B. Marital Status Whether you are single, married or divorced is completely irrelevant to the job; don’t include your marital status on a CV bound for an international organisation. Some Malawian employers, however, want to know this information. Irrelevant Details For A Local Malawian CV Nationality – it going to be pretty obvious from your name that your are Malawian. If you are applying for a job as an expatriate then it will be relevant to add this information. Village and District – how does that make you a better a employee? It doesn't at all. In summary, as you write your CV think about where it is going and be sure to remove any information that will be considered irrelevant. Everyone skims through Cvs nowadays they don't read them in detail so if you fill your with unnecessary data the vital things will get missed. “A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks others have thrown at him.” David Brinkley Having collateral will help you to get a loan. However, sometimes you don’t have any physical collateral to show. Certainly when my father started out in business he had zero collateral. What he did have was a small business with a track record of earnings. Understanding the concept of “credit worthiness” can help you get a loan when you don’t have any collateral. First, what is credit worthiness? If a company or a person is creditworthy, they are likely to pay back their debts. Such a person or company is said to be a ‘good credit’. Good credits: Have better access to capital because the likelihood of lenders getting their money back is high so they are more willing to lend. Also, suppliers are more willing to give the company or person products on credit (i.e. with money to be received later) as they expect to eventually get paid for the goods. Companies and people with a good credit record have a lower cost of capital i.e. borrowing is cheaper for them; they have fewer conditions attached to the borrowing and they have a better overall reputation and access to opportunities. A ‘bad credit’ would, on the contrary, mean there is a high chance that funds will not get repaid. It follows that poorly rated entities find it hard and at times impossible to borrow. If lenders do decide to extend credit (i.e. to lend money to a bad credit), the rates tend to be prohibitively expensive with many strings attached. What is credit risk or credit exposure? Any entity (bank, investor, supplier etc.) that is owed money is said to have a credit exposure as they are ‘exposed’ to the risk of not being (re)paid. Within the realm of ‘good credit risk’ and ‘bad credit risk’ there are further layers of riskiness. Lenders assess all prospective borrowers using some standardized scale to enable comparison across companies and/or products. The rating given is called a credit score (for individuals) or a credit rating (for companies). Any lender, e.g. a bank or a bondholder, is exposed to the risk of not ever seeing their money returned. Companies that sell cars and other big items on credit (i.e. they allow the buyer to pay back over time) will never see some of that money again. Some mortgages will never be fully repaid. How Can You Prove You’re Credit Worthy Without Collateral? In the absence collateral you need to have a traceable track record. Starting a small business normally doesn’t require very much collateral. I know this because I have started a couple of small fruitful businesses in Malawi and abroad by simply being creative and resourceful. Sourcing inputs at a low price and selling at a price that generates adequate volume. Register your business and open a business bank account. Don’t mix your business finances with your personal finances. A business bank account is the very minimum you should have in terms of a corporate structure. Deposit all revenue into the bank account before you start spending on raw materials, salaries etc. These deposits are observable by your bank. When you request a loan you can refer to them as the source of income for repayments alongside a business plan that explains what the money will be used for. If your deposits are regular, over a three year time period that will give your business credibility and your bank should be willing to lend you some money. Outside of banks look at microfinance banks, e.g. Opportunity International Bank of Malawi. They lend without the need for collateral by lending to a group rather than to an individual. "Growth is never by mere chance; it is the result of forces working together." JC Penney It’s useful to understand different types of equity because at some point you might want to grow your business by getting others to invest in it. Equity-holders partake in the ownership of a company. Equity includes any money that the founders of a company put into the business themselves and any money that they might have received from venture capitalists or other private equity investors. If someone gives you money in return for a share of your company they become an equity-holder or a shareholder. The money shareholders put into a company does not have to be repaid. In return for their investment, shareholders receive a share of any profits made. The payments made to shareholders are called dividends. If a company is liquidated shareholders are the last to be repaid. If after the debtholders have been paid there are no assets left to liquidate, then the shareholders get nothing back. Equity is therefore said to be subordinated, or rank junior relative to debt. Even within debt and within equity there are different subcategories which determine who needs to get paid first if a business goes bust. Types of Equity Start-up companies don’t have enough of a track record to get a significant bank loan or to raise equity in the capital markets (on a stock exchange). To fund growth they can obtain equity capital from one of the below. The list is not exhaustive. Angel investors are businesspeople that invest in high risk start-ups; they typically look to get their money back several times over, five times or more within four to eight years. The decision behind an ‘angel’ investment usually comes from an individual or family. Some angels group their funds together to enable bigger investments and economies of scale on admin, e.g. project due diligence. Venture capitalists (VCs) are a special category of private equity investors that invest in early-stage start-ups, typically in technology or some other unproven field. The investment will normally be smaller in size. As VC funds look at higher risk investments than mainstream private equity, they similarly look for higher returns: 10-50 times the initial investment within five years. Private equity investors (also known as ‘Financial Sponsors’) pool together the funds of various private investors and manage them in a fund. Investors can include high net-worth individuals, companies or even institutions like pension funds and insurance companies. The fund makes investment decisions in a formalized manner as dictated in the private placement memorandum (PPM) that is used to set the fund up and attract money from investors. Private equity investors typically look for a return of 20-30%. To buy an asset, mainstream private equity funds will combine private equity with bank debt How do these equity investors get their money back? Firstly, by selling the asset. Secondly, by listing the asset on a public stock exchange through an Initial Public Offering, IPO. Thirdly, dividends may also be paid by the assets of private equity firms but are not likely in angel or venture capital investments as all funds are typically ploughed back into the business to generate growth. Crowd funding is money sourced from ordinary people normally through some internet-based method. Frequently, funds sourced from the crowd don’t have to be paid back. A business that raises capital from the crowd receives small amounts of money from many people, most of whom are not professional investors. The contributors will all be people that appreciate the business idea under consideration and possibly see themselves or their friends and family using it. With the growth of the internet and the ease of making e-payments, crowd funding has grown rapidly in recent years. Check out milliondollarhomepage.com for the kid who raised over USD1 million in just 128 days to fund his university education through crowd sourcing and he doesn’t have to pay it back! “In investing, what is comfortable is rarely profitable.” Robert Arnott “My first language was shy. It's only by having been thrust into the limelight that I have learned to cope with my shyness.” Al Pacino Career success favours the most confident man or woman. If you find it difficult to approach people that you don’t know, at work or indeed in the process of finding a job, here are some useful tips to help you strike up a conversation: 1. Practice, practice, practice Practice networking with people that you are already comfortable with such as family, friends, teachers or even colleagues. Practice will make you feel better prepared for any networking events including interviews and also networking on the job. Ask the person you are practicing with to give you honest pointers on how you can make yourself look like the better candidate. 2. Get introduced If someone you know already knows the connection you want to make, they will probably be happy to introduce you. This way you don’t have to think of an ice breaker. More often than not this sort of introduction builds itself up into a conversation. 3. Fake confidence until you actually feel it Hold your head up high and smile. No one else knows that you are nervous; you can successfully portray confidence without in fact feeling it. A little test for you: next time you walk into a full room, try to identify the confident from the shy and reserved. It’s dead easy to spot, right? Their behavior gives each group away. The more you put yourself out of your comfort zone, e.g. by approaching strangers at networking events for a chat when you normally would not feel comfortable doing so, or by approaching a manager you’re a little scared of at work, the easier it becomes. 4. Be yourself and stick to subjects you are knowledgeable about Don’t present yourself as something you are not; a little lie can spiral out of control especially if you tell different people different lies. Being yourself obviously extends beyond telling the truth: it’s about behaving naturally. For instance, just because an interviewer is from a very different background, it doesn’t mean you have a lower chance of getting the job. To the contrary, you might be perceived as someone that will add a different perspective to corporate strategy because you are different. 5. Tackle your fear of rejection The people you want to talk to are probably just as nervous as you are, maybe more so. What’s the worst that could happen: the person hurries off looking uninterested? If so, do you care that much? At least you tried. Think of it as their loss. 6. Get the other person talking to take the pressure off of you You should find yourself getting less anxious as the other person talks. Hopefully, you’ll come up with questions based on what they say. 7. Google or get a book for more tips on tackling shyness If you think you need more than the above there is plenty of material out there. I will end this article by wishing a very special HAPPY BIRTHDAY to the woman that taught me confidence, my dearest mother, Agnes Katsonga-Phiri; you are the best role model in the world. “I wondered how many people there were in the world who suffered, and continued to suffer, because they could not break out from their own web of shyness and reserve, and in their blindness and folly built up a great distorted wall in front of them that hid the truth.” Daphne du Maurier This article is a continuation from last week. “To be successful, you have to be able to relate to people; they have to be satisfied with your personality to be able to do business with you and to build a relationship with mutual trust.” George Ross These are my next five tips:
Discuss different ways of handling technical questions, where people are applying, what career-related events people are attending, whether they can share contacts with you, what they know about the different companies, what questions they have been asked at interviews and so on. To get ahead it is best to treat your peers as collaborators not as competitors. The more open you are, the more others will share information with you. 2. Always send a follow up email to new contacts: a ‘thank you’ or ‘great to meet you’ email always goes down well. In addition, you can elaborate on a discussion you had or perhaps remind them to send you something that they said they would or vice versa. 3. Join LinkedIn. You can use this as a tool to connect with any new contacts you have made. Try to get your lecturers, colleagues and any previous managers that you’ve had to give you a recommendation on LinkedIn. Potential employers may see it. 4. Find a mentor or a coach. A coach will give you constructive feedback on the quality of your answers to interview questions, your body language, the tone of your voice and importantly how you can improve. 5. Finally, don’t ask silly questions! After joining a niche investment banking-related society, I had exposure to many high-ranking bank officials at networking events and I made it a point to ask something smart, so much so that my peers began to recognize me as the girl who likes asking questions. At the end of the experience the organisation awarded me recognition as ‘The Most Insistent Person.’ Don’t ask me what that means! How To Fend Off Lustful Men Let’s face it. The majority of people that you need to network with and impress are going to be men. We still live in a society where most key positions are held by men. It’s important when you are networking that you don’t create the wrong impression because when you get the job you may find that there are some tasks on your job description that you didn’t realize would be there. Or even worse, the worst offenders will try to get sexual favours under the guise that they will get you a job. You should not need to stoop to this level. First, dress appropriately. If you’re dressed in a business suit that isn’t too tight-fitting or revealing unnecessary skin the way you look won’t encourage bad behaviour. Next, don’t flirt in any way shape or form. Flirting in a Western context usually ends there but my friend, in Malawi, people always want to take it to another level. Finally, talk business only, keep off personal topics as much as possible. If you are looking for a professional job you should be able to discuss related topics. I hope you’ve found these tips useful and that you will begin to take action to get the best job possible for you! “Networking is marketing. Marketing yourself, marketing your uniqueness, marketing what you stand for.” Christine Comaford-Lynch I was in two minds about writing this article. I thought that networking is not a relevant topic because everyone in Malawi already knows everyone. However, after a couple of weeks I realized that I am only thinking in this way because I have had the luxury of hiding behind my parents who can give me access to almost everyone in Malawi – I’m very lucky in that sense but this scenario is not true for most people. Importantly, I got my first proper job in the UK securing a role at an investment bank that every single one of my friends at Cambridge University wanted to work in, Goldman Sachs. I didn’t have a single connection in that world but it didn’t worry me, I knew I was resourceful and would get where I needed to go somehow. Ultimately, I had to network aggressively in order to get the job and in this article I tell you five of the top things I did as far as networking is concerned. I know there are girls out there who have come out of university and think they can get a job better suited to their education and how hard they work but they’re not quite sure how. This article is for you. Above all else, building a cache of contacts helps your career in direct and indirect ways. These are my first five pointers on networking:
“You can make more friends in two months by becoming interested in other people than you can in two years by trying to get other people interested in you.” Dale Carnegie Last week I started my two-part series on how to do well in interviews. The last of the three points made in that article described research suggesting a bad handshake can hinder you from getting the job. I’ll pick up where I left off and explain what a bad handshake is A bad handshake Your handshake is bad if it is too wet (uurrgh!); too limp and weak – this makes you seem shy and anxious; too firm – don’t squeeze too hard, it hurts. Bringing pain to your interviewer can never be a positive start to an interview. Your handshake is also counter-productive if you barely touch the interviewer – this suggests you want to maintain a distance and perhaps don’t want to be touched and if your hand is straight. In a pleasant handshake, your hands should clasp each other in a sort-of hand embrace; this isn’t possible if your hand is proffered rigidly straight. It doesn’t matter who extends their hand first in an interview setting; however, don’t forget to shake hands at the end of the interview too. The interviewer might not care about creating a good impression with you so it is very much up to you to ensure that niceties like handshakes happen. These are four more ways to impress in an interview: 1. Maintain eye contact AND lean forward Eye contact and leaning forward portray confidence in oneself, focus on and interest in the discussion. Eye contact especially can help to bring your interesting personality across. When someone fails to maintain eye contact they could just be shy (not a good trait in investment banking). On the other hand, it might mean they are lying or plain simply bored and hence not that interested in the job. 2. Mirror the body language of the interviewer I recall learning on a sales training course that subtly mimicking the body language of someone you are trying to sell to (and in this case you are trying to sell yourself) can have a positive impact by showing agreement and empathy. Body language mirroring naturally happens when two people, such as good friends, are in sync and getting along. However, because body language experts have successfully made us aware of this fact, you will put yourself at a disadvantage if you are blatantly following your interviewer’s body movements. You have to be subtle. Importantly, don’t create a barrier between you and the interviewer by crossing your arms. Keep your arms on your lap or at your sides. 3. Be careful about cracking jokes Making your interviewer laugh is a sure fire way of making them like you and will go a long way towards getting you the job or at least into the next round of interviews. Take heed of these two provisos:
4. Don’t repeat the question, please It makes you sound a little stupid. “So Ms. Phiri, where did you come in from this morning?” “This morning, I came in from....” Umm, I hope that sounded oh-so-kindergarten even to you. It’s important to make the interview flow like an ordinary conversation and the chances are you don’t repeat the question when you’re talking to someone that you’re comfortable with. Sometimes, it is appropriate to repeat part of the questions, for instance, if several questions are asked in one go then repeat each question as you answer it to give your answer more structure. Finally, speak passionately and enthusiastically. Good luck getting your dream job! “Opportunities don’t often come along. So, when they do, you have to grab them.” Audrey Hepburn |
For 2 years until early 2014 I wrote a weekly personal finance and business column for Malawi's leading media house, The Times Group. The target is middle-class, working African women.
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